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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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PRINCIPAL OF THF PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 



FARINA, ILLINOIS. 



COPY-RICHT, 1 889, BY 

J. B. ABBOTT. 



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FARINA NEWS JOB PRINT. 




I Elements nf Expression, 



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Force. 
Time 

l Pitch. 
Slide. 



Increased. 
Diminished. 



Pause. % ^v 

Rate, f Faster. 

{ Slower. 

Higher. 

Lower. 

' losing. 

Emphatic, f Straight. (Rising. 

j | Falling. 

zv p \ Rising. 

■< Circumflex < ^ n . 6 
I ( Falling. 



11, Explanation nf tliE Slides. 









1. The Closing Slide begins at the ordi- 
nary pitch, and descends below it. 

2. The Straight Rising Slid a begins at 
the ordinary pitch and rises a greater or less 
distance above it, according to the degree of 
doubt to be expressed 

3. The Straight Falling Slide begins 
above the ordinary pitch, and descends to it. 

4. The Rising Circumflkx Slide begins a 
little above ordinary pitch, makes a slight 
fall, and then a longer rise. 

5 The Falling Circumflex Slide begins 
a little above the ordinary pitch, makes a 
slight rise, and then a longer fall. 



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III, • DutlinEE nf Ideas, 



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1. An Idea is a mental image, 
be represented by a word. 

2. The Important Ideas of a statement are 
those that are necessary to express the main 
thought. 

3. Unimportant Ideas are those that are 
not necessary and may be omitted without 
changing the thought. 

4. Leading Ideas are those upon which 
the thought mainly depends. 

5. Subordinate Ideas are those that are 
used to assert or explain the leading ideas. 

6. Distinctive Ideas are those which it is 
the main purpose of the sentence to assert. 

Remark.— The distinctive idea must not be confused with the 
predicate of the sentence. 

7. Impressive Ideas are leading ideas that 
are not distinctive, but to which special at- 
tention is called. 

8. Interrogative Ideas are those of which 
the speaker is uncertain. 

9 Affirmative Ideas are distinctive ideas 
that the speaker absolutely affirms or denies. 

10. Comparative Ideas are those that are 
compared or contrasted with each other. The 
one that is denied, or the first in order, is the 
negative, and the one that is affirmed, or the 
second in order, is the positive. 



TZ". General Principles, 
1. The Closing Slide should be used where 
the sense is complete, or where what follows 
is not closely connected in thought with the 
preceding part of the statement, unless 
changed by emphasis. 






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2. Interrogative Ideas should be express- JL 

ed with greater force, slower time, and the 

rising slide on the accented syllable ; and if 

\ this syllable is not the final one of the ques- 

■ tion another slight rise, without increase of 

force or time, should be given at the close. 

3 Affirmative Ideas should be expressed 

with increased force, slower time, and the 

i straight falling slide on the accented syllable. 

J 4. Comparative Ideas should be expressed 

ub with increased force, slower time, and the cli 

I 1 circumflex slide on the accented syllable, the 
t! 7 positive with the falling slide, the negative 
1 | with the rising. 

fi b| 5. Impressive Ideas should be expressed 
| i| with increased force, slower time, and higher 

jf pitch, but without any slide. 

6. Unimportant Ideas should be slurred, j 
HP that is, uttered with less force, faster time, i 
| : ; and lower pitch. • | 

II 7. An Unimportant Clause may have its £ 
N own relatively important ideas, which are gov- 
erned by the same general principles as other 

£ ? fj important ideas. 

8. What the author assumes as already 
known is not distinctive, but may be impress 






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9. What has been previously stated is not 
" I distinctive, but may be impressive. 

10. The force, time, pitch and slide should 

f } be varied to express different degrees o 
I emotion 



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VL Address, 



f Informal.-— Leading ideas interrogative, 
j Formal. — Leading ideas affirmative. 

i Emotional. — Leading ideas affirmative. 



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r Indirect. — By means of interrogative words, 
Leading ideas affirmative. 



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{ Expressing doubt by interroga^ 
• tive tones. — Leading ideas inter- 
Direct. \ rogative. 

I Expressing affirmation — Leading 
^ l^ideas affirmative. 



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IX, Concessive Clauses, 
Conceding what is generally known or 
conceded. — Leading idea impressive. 
Conceding what is not generally known 
or conceded. — Leading idea affirmative. 

X, Imperative Sentences, 

In Imperative sentences, the leading idea is 
generally affirmative. If a comparison is ex- 
pressed there is at least two leading ideas., one 
of which is positive, and the other negative. 
If a comparison is implied, the leading idea is 
positive or negative, according to the nature 
of the command. 

XL Exclamatory Sentences, _ 

In exclamatory sentences the leading idea 
is affirmative, unless doubt is expressed; in 
the latter case it is interrogative. 

Remark— Surprise attended by uncertainty takes the rising 
slide, otherwise the failing. 



Till, Conditional Clauses* 
fl. Act ot principal verb depends upon the 
condition. - Leading idea, impressive. 
Act of principal verb does not depend 
upon the condition, or concessive clause 
in the form of a conditional. — Leading 
idea affirmative. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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